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From dynamic Cape Town and cosmopolitan Johannesburg to staggering expanses of wilderness such as the Kalahari and the Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa has a breadth of experiences that is hard to match.

The variety of the landscape, weather and festival seasons throughout the country means the best time to visit will depend on what you want to do when you get there.

In general, the climate in South Africa is warmer in the north and cooler in the south. You'll also find different weather on the coasts compared to the elevated plateau that makes up most of the country, where it tends to be drier. Usually, the Indian Ocean coast feels more tropical, while the weather on the Atlantic coast is milder, though cold fogs and hot desert winds can still roll in.

Cape Town and the Western Cape are unique in having their rainy season in the winter (June to August). In the rest of the country, the rains arrive during the southern hemisphere summer (November through March), but the deluges rarely last for long and give you the chance to photograph dramatic thunderstorms.

However, most visitors' biggest consideration is the vibrant festival calendar and the annual migrations and breeding seasons for the country's diverse wildlife populations. Here's everything you need to know about picking the best time for your South African adventure.

November to March is peak festival season, with peak prices

November to March is summertime in South Africa, with daytime highs reaching 32°C (90°F), often with quite a lot of humidity. If you’re looking to visit during the peak season, planning ahead is essential. Accommodations in coastal areas and national parks are often booked out months in advance, and popular vacation spots see accommodation prices rise by 50% or more.

That said, if you have the budget to travel in the high season, you can enjoy a host of festivals and events. , a massive international multi-day music festival that draws artists from all over the world, kicks off in December. Held annually on January 2, the Cape Town Minstrel Carnival (known locally as Kaapse Klopse) is a high-spirited street parade dating from the mid-1800s with important links to overcoming apartheid and South Africa's long history of enslavement.

Cape Town’s is held in late February or early March, followed by the , which brings in cycling enthusiasts from all over the globe. March also sees the , one of South Africa’s largest arts festivals, held at Oudtshoorn in the Western Cape.

The Lowveld – made up of open grassland and woodland areas between 150m and 610m (492ft and 2001ft) above sea level – is steamy and warm, and the landscapes are lush and green; the Highveld, at a higher altitude, is slightly cooler. This time of year is especially good for walking and beach bumming in the Western Cape.

April, May, September and October mean lower prices and great wildlife watching

South Africa's shoulder seasons see smaller crowds and several important festivals – including April’s in Durban. The big lure in the fall (April–May) is wildlife watching, as the tail end of the dry summer weather brings wildlife out into the open. The rutting season for impala – one of South Africa’s most abundant antelopes – begins in April, with displays of dominance (like the clashing of horns) increasing as the days get shorter.

The spring months of September and October bring the best chances for cetacean encounters in whale-watching centers such as Hermanus. Wildflower season peaks in late August in the north and early September in the south, but blooms can appear from July depending on the rains, and the spectacle continues into October if it’s not too hot.

June to August is the best time for budget travelers

The South African winter from June to August brings lower prices (except for safaris) and smaller crowds. This is the rainy season in Cape Town and the Western Cape, but there’s still plenty of sunshine around. Look out for wallet-friendly winter deals at Cape Town restaurants.

Elsewhere in the country, winters are much drier, and conditions are ideal for a safari. Be prepared, though, for chilly nights and cold early morning game drives. Top winter festivals include the (June) in the Eastern Cape and in June or July.

South Africa's game reserves are best in the winter months

Rain can be an obstacle to your travels if you plan to go on safari. Northern game reserves such as Kruger National Park are driest from May to September, during the South African winter. While you might not have the lush backgrounds to your photos that you would in the spring and summer, wildlife is often easier to spot because the vegetation dies back and animals congregate around water holes.

The chilly winter nights also mean fewer mosquitoes, but you'll need to bring layers to keep warm during dawn game drives. For safaris in the Western Cape, the South African summer months are drier, but this coincides with the busy Christmas period and South Africa’s summer school holidays.

Peak whale-watching is in September and October

Though whales and dolphins can be seen year-round off South Africa’s southern and eastern coasts, September and October are the peak cetacean-spotting months. Between June and November, southern right whales and humpbacks migrate to and from Antarctica to breed and have their babies in the warmer waters off Mozambique and Madagascar. May to June also sees a massive run of sardines that attracts whales, dolphins, sharks and sea birds (Durban is an excellent base to watch the spectacle).

While you’ll see more from a whale-watching boat, whales often come close enough to the shore to be spotted from land. This is particularly so near the town of Hermanus, celebrated by the World Wildlife Fund as one of the world's top whale-watching destinations, where whales can be seen as early as April. Gqeberha (formerly Port Elizabeth or PE) on the Eastern Cape is known as the world bottlenose dolphin capital, and pods are frequently seen between January and June.