Cycle Italy, Slovenia and Croatia on the Parenzana Trail

In 1902 during the reign of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a new rail line was opened that wound its way from the Italian port city of Trieste down a small stretch of what is now Slovenia to the seaside town of �ʴǰ��č in today's Croatia. The railway provided an important commercial link in this corner of the North Adriatic, transporting coal, salt, olives, wine and fruit but also passengers and mail, as well as soldiers and supplies during World War I.

Today, its former track has been converted into a 123-kilometre-long walking trail and cycling path that unites the three countries sharing the geographic peninsula of Istria, and the Parenzana Trail is both a scenic treat and a trip back in time rolled into one.

A cyclist stops on a dirt track of the Parenzana trail to glance at a former train station and siding that has been converted into a chic cafe. In the foreground is a sign indicating the track is the Parenzana trail for cyclists and trekkers — After rail service was discontinued, some towns converted their train stations to other purposes, like this cafe serving trekkers and cyclists on the Parenzana trail © Isabel Putinja

Cycling or walking the Parenzana Trail is a fantastic way to explore Istria's varied landscapes while tracing its fascinating cultural and socio-economic history. It takes cyclists and ramblers through pitch-dark railway tunnels and across century-old viaducts, past bucolic murals of rolling hills, vineyards and olive groves, and through dense forests. It climbs to medieval hilltop towns transformed by the railway into flourishing market hubs, which eventually became almost uninhabited ghost towns after it was discontinued in 1935.

Along the way you may spot a farmer tending sheep, meet hunters and their dogs scavenging for truffles, and have the chance to sample the exceptional wine and olive oil produced from two of the main fruits of the land the railway once transported.

The white and grey stone facade of the former Campo Marzio train station in Treiste is made of two large square columns on either side of a grand arch-shaped window. Each column has two narrow rectangular windows, while the windows that once filled the arch have been filled in. Over the arch is a wheel with wings carved into the stone. Behind the structure is a brilliant clear blue sky. — Opened in 1887 as the Trieste Sant'Andrea by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the former Campo Marzio train station was renamed in 1923 after World War I © DEA / I. TABORRI / Getty Images

The Parenzana Trail also offers a whistle stop tour of cultural, architectural and natural attractions, along with a few leftover relics of the erstwhile railway. Here's what you can expect as you travel from Trieste on down the line:

Along Slovenia's coastline to Izola

Though trains on the Parenzana railway would start and end at Campo Marzio station (today a railway museum that closed for renovations in 2017), the 12-kilometre stretch from Trieste to Muggia is the only section that hasn't been converted into a trail. It's at the source of the Ospo River in Muggia that the marked Parenzana Trail begins, and after only two kilometres along a forest path, crosses into Slovenia.

The border between Italy and Slovenia on the Parenzana Trail, which are two narrow lanes marked by white lines, bicycle traffic logos and a blue sign facing the viewer with the blue field and yellow stars of the European Union — The border between Italy and Slovenia on the Parenzana Trail © Isabel Putinja / �ϰ��ϲʿ��¼

Much of the 32 kilometres the trail covers in Slovenia is paved and mostly flat, making this portion ideal for cycling. Rest areas and lookout points along the way are an invitation to pause, while information panels share interesting insights into the former narrow gauge railway.

Sheltered in a glass pavilion just outside the charming seaside city of Izola is the railway's original steam-powered locomotive. Weighing over 28 tonnes, the 300 horsepower locomotive held three cubic metres of water and two cubic metres of coal. Trains would make pit stops at eight water stations to refill the reservoir before continuing on the way. Railway buffs will appreciate a short detour to the in the city centre for a look at the historical photographs and model trains on display.

A cyclist enters the Velta tunnel, the longest on the Parenzana Trail. A paved road cuts into the hillside held back by mossy stone retaining walls on either side and into a stone arch at the tunnel mouth. A yellow sign reads Velta 550 m with an illustration of a tunnel — Bring a head lamp for the tunnels along the Parenzana trail as it cuts through the hillsides of the Adriatic coast © Isabel Ptinja / �ϰ��ϲʿ��¼

See the 13th century salt pans at Sečovlje

From Izola the trail leaves the Slovenian coastline behind and climbs steadily upwards to the hills of Jagodje, passing through a rustic landscape of vineyards and olive groves overlooking picturesque Izola and the glistening Adriatic below. Once through the 550-metre-long Valeta tunnel (the trail's longest), the track passes above �ʴǰ��ٴǰ��ž, a seaside spa resort town developed at the beginning of the 20th century.

As it descends again, the canvas of a completely different landscape appears: a vast area of wetlands bordering the sea, neatly divided into rectangular waterlogged reservoirs. These are the salt pans of Sečovlje, the northernmost in the Mediterranean, where salt has been produced since the 13th century.

In buildings that once housed salt workers, you can explore the history of this trade at the . The adjacent Salina Nature Park is home to many species of birds attracted to the wetlands' distinct ecosystem. Those looking for a wellness break can check into the Lepa Vida Thalasso Spa, an on-site open air retreat offering healing treatments using salt, mud and brine harvested here.

The weathered grey and yellow exterior of one of the loggias in Groznjan on the Croatian border feature window boxes with pink flowers in the archways just above street level, brown shuttered windows, and a blue and yellow flag twisted around the pole — You can still see the Italian influence in the architecture of Croatian towns like Grožnjan along the Parenzana Trail © Isabel Putinja / �ϰ��ϲʿ��¼

Halt in hilltop Grožnjan, the village of art and music

After passport control at the Croatian border, the Parenzana Trail begins its 78-kilometre stretch through Croatia with an abrupt climb. Once past the town of Buje looming on a hilltop to the west, and with the most challenging section of the trail behind them, cyclists can enjoy an even and steady ride across shrubland towards Grožnjan, the highest point of the trail at 293 metres. The most scenic section of the Parenzana Trail begins here at this stunning hilltop town framed by undulating hills planted with olive trees, with a sliver of the sea visible to the west.

This compact town of cobblestone lanes and exquisitely restored stone houses has an enchanting atmosphere. Deserted by its Italian-speaking inhabitants after World War II (when Istria changed hands from Italy to the former Yugoslavia), Grožnjan was gradually taken over during the mid-60s by artists who rebuilt the centuries-old buildings of crumbling stone and transformed them into art galleries and studios.

In 1969 Jeunesses Musicales International opened a cultural centre here and launched an annual music summer school. As you browse the art galleries and small boutiques peddling pottery, artworks and handmade jewelery, you may hear the lilting sounds of the piano or cello, signaling rehearsals are in progress.

Old olive trees are a silvery green over thick, gnarled trunks in a field of bright green grass on the Istrian Peninsula in Croatia's Mirna river valley — As you hike or bicycle along the Parenzana Trail, you'll pass lovely, time-honored views like these olive groves in the Mirna river valley © Isabel Putinja

Sample award-winning Istrian olive oil

Leaving Grožnjan, the gravel track descends between neat rows of mature olive groves, with breathtaking views of the rolling hills of central Istria and the Mirna river valley stretching below. The best place to take in this exceptional vista is from the terrace of 's oleoteca, an olive oil tasting room located just off the trail before you reach Kostanjica.

The high-quality extra virgin olive oil produced here by the Galić family is all the more reason to pause for a break. Istria has been named the world's best olive oil region for the past five years by Flos Olei, a guide to the world's top olive oils. This is a chance to sample the family's award-winning First Night olive oil pressed from Istrian and Italian olive varieties, while learning about olive oil production in Istria.

Istria: the heart of Croatia

The medieval town of Zavrsje is perched on a hillside in Croatia, the house sand other buildings seeming to pour down from the highest point where the bell tower sits — Zavrsje is a quiet place to pause on your Parenzana Trail tour, as the town faded in importance after rail service ceased © Isabel Putinja / �ϰ��ϲʿ��¼

Explore the treasures of Završje and Oprtalj

The next halt on the railway was tiny Završje perched on a hillside at 240 metres. Once a bustling market town, it steadily declined once the commercial link the railway provided was severed. An old world atmosphere lingers and it's a delight to explore its cobblestone lanes and old churches.

As part of an EU restoration project, the old school has been renovated and informational signs in three languages provide interesting insights on the town's architectural highlights. At its highest point stands the 16th century Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, whose bell tower appears to be leaning, while its interior shelters one of Istria's oldest pipe organs dating to 1740. Another of its treasures was a 15th century chalice sold to the Musée du Louvre to finance construction of a new church.

An orange stucco building with arched windows and doors on the ground floor and square windows rimmed in white sills on the upper floor sits in the winding medieval streets of Oprtalj. Behind the orange building are empty ruins of other similar stone houses. In the foreground a motorcycle is parked — Many of the former homes in Oprtalj are in ruins, belaying the long history of this Croatian village © Isabel Putinja / �ϰ��ϲʿ��¼

The sign marking where Oprtalj station once stood reveals that this section of the railway was a hazardous one with many sharp bends. In May 1923, a train operator went over the 10-km-per-hour speed limit and lost his life here. It's a steep but rewarding 3-km hike uphill to the medieval town, yet another dazzling hilltop beauty.

At the main gate, visitors are drawn to the handsome loggia whose arched windows frame the panoramic views over the scenic valley. Many of the stone houses still stand derelict and abandoned while majestic Venetian-style palazzos crumble behind stone gateways. Don't leave without a peek inside the churches of St Rocco and St Mary whose walls are covered in vibrant frescoes dating to the 16th century.

Red autumn leaves drape the grape vines in this vineyard on a hillside in view of Motovun, Croatia, perched on a taller hill in the background surrounded by taller hills and mountains in the far distance — Foodies will delight at the many microclimates within Istrian wine country, including varietals found near Motovun like Malvasia, Teran and Muscat © Isabel Putinja / �ϰ��ϲʿ��¼

Truffle-hunting and wine tasting in Motovun

After a long descent to Livade, the Parenzana Trail commences a semi-circular route through dense forests, circumnavigating Motovun, Istria's most photographed hill town. Growing among the tree roots here are black and white truffles, highly-prized delicacies that can only be unearthed by specially-trained dogs. Make a stop at Miro Tartufi to take part in a hunt with proprietor Miro Kotiga and watch his hounds Bela and Nera show off their truffle-hunting prowess.

In the meantime, Miro's wife Mirjana cooks up local dishes of fresh pasta, scrambled eggs, homemade cheese, and even chocolate cake infused with this expensive tuber. Once you're stuffed with truffles, head to Roxanich Winery & Heritage Hotel for a tour of their cavernous wine cellars and an expert-led tasting of their quality vintages and sparkling wines.

The flavours of the Croatian coast

The red roofs and grey and white buildings of Porec, Croatia extend out into the deep blue sea, the same color as the sky on the horizon. In the forground you can clearly see the Euphrasian Basilica, its tall bell tower opposite the viewer — The Parenzana Trail ends in the coastal city of Porec, Croatia, where goods bound for Africa and Italy were transferred from rail to ship © Tuul & Bruno Morandi / Getty Images

End of the line: �ʴǰ��č and its Euphrasian Basilica

From Motovun the Parenzana Trail winds westwards towards seaside �ʴǰ��č where it ends at the former station, the biggest on the line. The most outstanding architectural marvel in �ʴǰ��č's historical old town is the Euphrasian Basilica, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Built in 553, this is an exceptional example of Byzantine architecture with exquisitely preserved wall mosaics of gold leaf decorating its apse, and intricate floor mosaics.

Once the Parenzana train reached �ʴǰ��č, goods were unloaded and transported to the port and then transferred onto steamers, perhaps making a stop in Venice just across the Adriatic Sea. When the railway was discontinued by Mussolini in 1935, it was dismantled and the components were loaded onto a ship to Ethiopia. The ship sunk on the way, and the old railway found its final stop on the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea.